Video Guide conclusion ( new)

This guide will brief how editing has changed and developed from the 1800 to the present day, and how one century has influenced the next.

In February 1895 we had the Lumiere brothers who improvised and produced their own version of the kinetoscope, then they decided to name in cinematographer, this then went to be the first actual camera ever created at the time. Their invention could hold up to 16 frames of filming per second this made the cinematographer much better than the kinetoscope and was easier to use when filming. They then went on to making a film with their new camera '' la sortie des usines lumiere'', this was released in march 28 1895. This film was recorded in a fixed position while the action unfolded. The main idea/purpose behind this movie was to make the audience interested in what they were watching, because it was the first time they had ever seen anything like this the viewers would think of it of magical and exciting. Also the brothers added sound, but a non-diagetic sound which only the audience could hear, and it would make them fascinated and surprised about what they were seeing before their very eyes. But because this was only the early stages there was no editing going on in this short film as they were not yet discovered.

Later that year someone called George Melies came up and was influenced by the work of the Lumiere brothers. He offered a specific amount of money for the Brothers new invention but they refused, as they saw him as potential competition. George then went on to build his own camera, after building it he started filming in 1896. He was filming a bus coming out of the tunnel when all of a sudden his camera has some issues and jammed, a few moments later he fixed it and it started to work again. Once he went back to his house he went to review the video and as he was playing it he noticed that the moving bus turned into a moving horse carriage, he just discovered the technique of jump cuts accidentally. George then started using the jump cut technique to show the disappearance and reappearance  of objects or people. Later on he also discovered fade ins and fade outs. on September the 1st he released a film called ''A Trip To The Moon'' by watching this video we can tell that George has use two different camera setups, to get two different angle's telling a story from two different sides. This film was staged this made it look very realistic to the audience, we could now see that editing is now being developed.

Montage was developed in Russia, it was based on discontinuity which had a huge affect in many European cinemas. Eisenstein developed montage, he used montage to make the audience think about what they where watching, this suggest that Eisenstein wanted the audience to analyze everything they saw, this also created meaning for the audience. Griffith created continuity through trial and error, he used continuity techniques to create drama and for entertainment which were the main purposes. Eisenstein films where usually associated with political issues. Continuity was the most preferred way of editing, but don't get it wrong, continuity also absorbed montage. The majority of Hollywood movies today use continuity editing, so it could be argued that a few years later continuity has been the more dominant one, and where does continuity come from? America where as Montage came from Russia and the country that appears to be Dominant is America whom represent ''Continuity'' we can argue that Eisenstein was influenced by Kuleshov.

There are 5 types of montage

Metric montage- this means cutting to the beat.

Rhythmic editing - editing at a fast pace to create tension.

Tonal montage- using emotional aspects of a shot.

Over Tonal montage - this is a combination of rhythmic and tonal areas, this makes things more complicated for the audience as they are watching.

Intellectual - this is a strong technique that Eisenstein uses to make the audience think about what they are watching.

Hitchcock was very good at creating tension and suspense in his films. He uses both continuity and montage in his films, the films he make purposely tell a story and entertain the audience and it also makes them think about what they are seeing at specific moments. In the film psycho he uses rhythmic editing and intellectual montage when the woman is getting killed, we can see how she falls in the bath and the camera zooming into the drain showing that her life was washed away and that there is nothing left this was achieved by a transition called cross fade in.

Development And Purpose Of Early Cinema.
In early cinema all they did was take a long shot of their films and then they align it the way they wont which restricted them alot because they couldn't make their shots shorter then soon enough George Melies discovered the Jump cut which was helpful but just wasn't there yet because jump cuts break the purpose of story telling which D.W Griffiths took care when he invented continuity which literally made everything better and the way continuity is lay out its very flexible and was able to absorb montage and French new wave which is what is presently in use which means artists or producers of this present age still use jump cuts which was developed back in the 1800. The techniques been used in today's contemporary mainstream are still the ones laid down by the father of continuity so nothings really changed everyone has just leant to grab what you need form everyone and make your work better because now in the present age artistic are mixing up m\mainstream techniques with alternative techniques which is the only thing that has actual change for the time of D,W Griffiths till now.
The reason why all these techniques are all used together now because movie producers want to add the artistic touches to their films and also because continuity has absorbed every single type of alternative techniques leaving everyone to accept mainstream which is continuity and actually go with it. And also because everyone is trying to get their names down as inventors and pioneers of editing.


In my opinion montage and discontinuity hasn't in anyway lost its stylistic use because its been used in the most stylistic way than it has every been over the years thanks to the the rise of non linear narrative shows shush as thrillers and horrors.
The main political reason why continuity became more dominant was because continuity absorbed montage before montage could absorb it and also because alot of people would have preferred montage at that particular point in time because you are been entertained and not forced to think for a political or democratic meaning.
The new wave literally set out to take back what was theirs from America to make it for an artistic reason instead on entertainment as they were or are the originally and real owners of film and lost somewhere along the line and are just trying to get pit back.

Continuity or the Hollywood dominance has only absorbed what it wanted from these alternative techniques for example in montage continuity only took the editing the style and left the propaganda and political aspect of it while the French new wave it took what it need and used it to invent other genres and narrative structures.