Content analysis is a research technique used to make replicable and valid inferences by interpreting and coding textual material. By systematically evaluating texts (e.g., documents, oral communication, and graphics), qualitative data can be converted into quantitative data.

 Semiotics can be applied to anything which can be seen as signifying something - in other words, to everything which has meaning within a culture

Negotiated, preferred and oppositional media responses. Audience responses .A negotiated response is when the audience put their own opinions and values towards the product


 A preferred response is acceptance and is usually short, without hesitation or elaboration.

Single Strand. If you're watching or reading a story that has one central character or hero acting in a single plot while surrounded by a group of minor characters, you're encountering a narrative that has a single strand.

Open, Closed, Multi-strand, Linear and Non-linearnarratives. Open narrative. open narratives usually have many characters and no forseeable ending. a good example of Open narrative is Soap Operas, such as Eastenders and HollyOaks

Open, Closed, Multi-strand, Linear and Non-linear narratives. Open narrative.open narratives usually have many characters and no forseeable ending. a good example of Open narrative is Soap Operas, such as Eastenders and HollyOaks. They're usually multi-stranded and in Chonological order or 'Real-Time'